Now remember what Romney and Ryan are proposing. The top marginal tax rate is now 35%, and they are proposing cutting that rate to 28%. The top tax rate on capital gains and dividends is now 15%. The propose to keep that at 15% for those making more than $200,000, and reduce it to zero for those making less than $200,000. They also propose to treat interest income the same way as capital gains and dividends.
Ryan said it's been done before - cut taxes rates and close loopholes. Has it? Well, yes and no. Interest has never been treated the same as capital gains. In fact, treating dividends the same as capital gains is something that was introduced by the Bush II administration. What little evidence there is that these policies are helpful to the economy is, shall we say, quite limited.
But yes, we have in the past cut taxes and tried to make it up by cutting loopholes. So what happened?
Tax rates were cut during the Kennedy Administration. The top marginal tax rate was cut from 91% to 70%. No changes were made to the capital gains tax rates - the maximum rate on capital gains was 25% from 1942 until Reagan took office in 1981. And yes, The economy also chugged along quite nicely during the sixties. The deficit also grew substantially during the 1960s and 1970s, although whether the primary reason for that was expansion of the social safety net and the Vietnam War or the tax cuts is hard to decipher - probably some combination of the three.
But a rate cut from 91% to 70% is hardly comparable to a rate cut from 35% to 28%.
Rates stayed the same until 1981, when the Reagan tax cuts were enacted. Those cuts were more than just to rates. First, the maximum rate on regular income was cut to 50%, and the maximum rate on capital gains was cut to 20%. Both of these rate changes were phased in over three years, so that the 50% rate kicked in in 1984. There were also hugely beneficial changes to the way we tax business income, primarily the rules dealing with depreciation on business assets. This was greatly accelerated compared to prior law, which meant that they were able to be written off much more quickly. By this I mean that the deductions for investing in buildings, equipment, automobiles and other machinery were much larger than they were under prior law, giving larger tax benefits to making these kinds of investments.
What happened? Well, the deficit ballooned, that's what happened. Also, tax shelter activity also ballooned, because at that time most tax shelters involved investments in business property that generated writeoffs for investors. Tax bills were passed in 1982 and 1984 that closed some loopholes, but they didn't do nearly enough to reduce the deficits created by the tax rate cuts.
Not content with this result, further reform was enacted in 1986. In that year, the maximum tax rate was reduced to 28%, phased in over two years (taking effect in 1988). Interestingly enough, the 1986 act eliminated the difference in tax rates between ordinary income and capital gains - capital gains were tax at 28% as well. In order to make up for the lost revenue, a major reform was passed that eliminated the ability of individual investors to get tax write-offs from investments in business property.
What happened? Well, the deficit ballooned even further. And let's not even talk about the real estate bubble that grew at the end of the 1980s, resulting in hundreds of savings banks going but at the end of the decade leading to the government swallowing hundreds of billions of losses to the government because of deposit insurance liabilities.
And lest anyone think that the rate cuts resulted in a magical bursting of economic activity, the facts are otherwise. GDP grew much faster during the 60s and 70s than during the 80s.
Oh, and let's not forget something else that happened during the Reagan years - Social Security and Medicare tax rates were increased substantially - from 12.3% to 15.3% - an increase of over 24%. The ballooning deficits occurred despite the fact that payroll taxes were drastically increased.
So what was the result of the Reagan tax cuts? A ballooning deficit, a shift in the tax burden from to middle class workers, and a bubble economy that burst causing a recession at the end of the decade
With the deficit growing ever larger, Bush I finally relented and agreed to increase the top marginal rate to 33%, violating his "read my lips: no new taxes" pledge. This was increased to 39.6% in 1993, the first year of the Clinton Administration. Finally, the deficit began to come under control. Interestingly enough, the economy grew by leaps and bounds as well.
Then we all know what happened under Bush II.
So has it been done before? Not in the way Romney and Ryan propose it. Reagan agreed to cut rates to 28% in exchange for
increasing rates on capital gains. Romney and Ryan don't propose that trade-off - in fact they propose to expand the beneficial treatment of investment income by extending it to interest as well.
But experience does show that reducing rates like they propose does result in a much bigger deficit. In the past, rates had to be increased soon after the low rates were enacted to keep the deficit from ballooning ever further. And higher payroll taxes - taxes on wages earned by the middle class (remember social security taxes are still capped - only earnings up to $110,000 are subject to the tax) were also necessary to keep the deficit from ballooning even further.
Of course, I'm a firm believer that all the extra cash in the hands of the investor class is the primary driver of the bubbles that we have experienced over the last 30 years - at the end of the 80's, at the end of the 90s and at the end of the 00s, bubbles bursting cause significant economic harm, mostly to the middle class.
No, we have not tried what Romney and Ryan are proposing. The last time we came close - under Reagan, the cut in rates was accompanied by the equalization of capital gains rates and a large increase in payroll taxes on the middle class. And yet still the deficit ballooned, and the economy tanked.
Why anyone would want to repeat this fiasco is beyond me....